Actuators are devices that receive an energy input and convert it into motion to power machinery. These devices are a vital part of the integration system in the fields of engineering and modern technology. There are many different types of actuators with unique capabilities and different applications. The actuator you need will be dependent on the type of power source you have and the movement you need. In this article we will guide you through the different types of actuators, what they are used for, and how to select the right one.
What Is An Actuator?
Actuators are one of the components in a device or machine that helps move its parts. They do this by converting energy into mechanical force using power sources like air, hydraulics and electricity. Actuators move or control a mechanism in either a linear or rotational direction. Nearly every piece of equipment relies on an actuator for movement, from regulating the flow of water in water treatment plants, operating valves and hydraulic cylinders, to converting electrical information into mechanical action in engines.
What Are The Different Types Of Actuators?
The different types of actuators are defined by two main categories - power source and movement.
The power source is the source of energy they use to control the application, while the movement is the type of motion produced.
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Power Source
Pneumatic means filled or operated with compressed air or gas which is the power source used by a pneumatic actuator to convert energy into some form of motion. They are used for linear motion and rotational motion. They are perfect for applications that require precise motions.
Pneumatic actuators consist of a pneumatic cylinder, piston, control valves and seals. To operate, pressurised air or gas enters the chamber where the pressure builds up. When the pressure exceeds the standard pressure levels, it creates a controlled kinetic movement of a gear or piston which can then move in either a linear or rotary motion.
A hydraulic actuator uses the pressure of a liquid, which is usually oil, to create motion. They are the most commonly used actuators for heavy duty work like construction and machinery as they provide the greatest overall force and power density of any actuator type. They are used for mainly linear motion but can be used for rotary.
Hydraulic actuators consist of a cylinder, piston and fluid motor. The pressurised hydraulic oil enters one side of the cylinder and pushes the piston. As the fluid pressure increases, the piston moves and creates the motion.
Electric actuators are driven by an electric motor. It converts electricity into kinetic energy in both linear and rotary motion. Known for precision, electric actuators are often used in applications like clamping, holding and motion control of equipment. They are used for a variety of applications including opening and closing valves in the oil and gas industry, robotics, and automation technology.
Electric actuators are composed of a motor, gearbox and controller. The motor provides the electrical power to move the motor’s output shaft connected to a gearing system. The gearbox then converts the motor’s rotary motion to either linear or continued rotary motion at a high rate of torque. The actuators controller then receives the signals from external source/s such as a computer to control the electric operating speed, torque and position.
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Movement
Applications Of Actuators
Actuators are widely used for many different industries, from automation, to medical and plumbing, water treatment and valve control applications. Let’s take a look at the key industries and the type of actuator used.
Automotive Industry
Actuators are used in the automotive industry for controlling braking, electronic throttle control, suspension systems, steering and power windows. Even inside the car, actuators are one component that helps to regulate air flow and temperature. They are essential for the safety of drivers as they enable precise control of movement. A standard vehicle can have from 30 to over 100 actuators.
Types of actuators used in automotive industry: Pneumatic, electric linear, rotary
Water Treatment Industry
Actuators like valve actuators are essential components in the water treatment industry. They are responsible for regulating the flow of water by opening and closing valves. They are used to adjust the flow rate, regulate pressure and automate valves. Electric actuators are the most common type of actuator used in water management because they have precise control and can be operated remotely.
Types of actuators used in the water treatment industry: Linear, rotary, hydraulic, electric.
Industrial Automation
The use of actuators in industrial automation has transformed the industry by streamlining manufacturing processes and increasing efficiency. Electric actuators are used to control valves, move conveyor belts and operate machinery. On assembly lines, electric actuators are used for robotic arms to speed up the production process.
Types of actuators used in industrial automation: Linear, rotary, electric, hydraulic.
Mining & Construction Industry
The use of actuators plays a vital role in the mining and construction industry from helping with heavy machinery to precise cutting and drilling, digging, grading and excavating. The mining industry relies on equipment for digging, drilling and lifting. This needs to be precise and durable given the harsh conditions. The construction industry uses actuators in almost every piece of moving equipment, from trucks and bulldozers to steering wheels, side mirrors, and throttles.
Types of actuators used in the mining & construction industry: Rotary, linear, electric, hydraulic.
Medical Industry
Actuators are essential in the medical industry in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Surgical robots, medical imaging, prosthetics, ventilators, motorised wheelchairs and even adjustable beds all use actuators for movement.
Types of actuators used in the medical industry: Electric, linear.
Selecting The Right Actuator
Choosing the right actuator for your needs is crucial to ensure optimum performance and reliability. Consider these key factors when selecting an actuator.
- Identify your requirements: Work out the type of actuator you require, whether it is linear or rotary motion, and how much force is needed to move the load. Think about how fast the actuator needs to move and if it needs precision control.
- Look at the operating environment: Think about the environment the actuator will be operating in. Consider the temperature and if it will be subject to extreme heat or cold, dusty conditions or moisture.
- Research actuators: Look at all different types of actuators once you know the type you need. Look at their advantages and disadvantages to work out which one is right for you.
- Think about the infrastructure and power source: When looking at actuators, determine the type of power source that is available there as well as surrounding infrastructure. These factors will impact the installation and operational requirements for an actuator.
- Consider budget: Research how much the actuator including installation will cost and compare other alternatives to make sure you are getting the best deal to suit your application needs.
There are a wide range of actuators with a plethora of applications in different fields. When choosing an actuator it is important to know which suits your requirements. Our guide explains the different types of actuators and helps you choose the right actuator for your needs. For further information, the team at Fluidflo Valve Solutions are experts in actuators, and always on hand to help.